Codes of Ethics and Conduct:

American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS): Bylaws
http://www.aafs.org/aabylaws1.htm#Article%20II
Professionals from the field of physical anthropology are just part of the diverse group that makes up the membership of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS). The AAFS Bylaws page not only outlines the rules and regulations of the group, but it also includes a section about codes of ethics and conduct.

American Anthropological Association (AAA)

• AAA Ethics Homepage

http://www.aaanet.org/committees/ethics/ethics.htm
This page has several resources related to ethical issues. The AAA Code of Ethics, as well as other association codes, can be found at this site.
• AAA Sections and Interest Groups

http://www.aaanet.org/sctigs.htm
A list of links to the various AAA sections and interest groups can be found on this page. Some of the sections, like the American Ethnological Society (AES), have independent bylaws. Go to http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/anthro/aes/bylaw.html to see those drafted by the AES.
• Briefing Paper on Informed Consent

http://www.aaanet.org/committees/ethics/bp5.htm
The American Anthropological Association Committee on Ethics was asked to address the question, "What constitutes valid and informed consent in anthropological research?" This site documents the Committee's response to that question.
• Commission to Review the AAA Statements on Ethics: Final Report

http://www.aaanet.org/committees/ethics/ethrpt.htm
This report is presented in 5 different parts:1) current status of the AAA ethics program; 2) Commission goals; 3) general principles applying to codes of ethics; 4) critical questions considered by the Commission; and 5) recommendations, including a proposed AAA Code of Ethics.
• How to Hold a Workshop on Ethical Problems in Fieldwork

http://www.aaanet.org/committees/ethics/ch6.htm
This chapter defines fieldwork as "research which utilizes the following methods: ethnographic fieldwork, community study, participant observation, unstructured face-to-face interviewing, and nonobtrusive observation." Tips for arranging a workshop of this nature, including information about the personnel to be involved, locations & publicity, presentation suggestions and format are provided.

American Cultural Resources Association Code of Ethics (ACRA)
http://archaeology.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acra-crm.org%2FEthics.html
ACRA was formed in 1995 and was designed to serve the needs of the cultural resources industry. This organization's code of ethics was drafted so the public could see the principles that its members strive to uphold.
American Society of Primatologists (ASP): The Long-Term Care of Chimpanzees
http://www.asp.org/society/resolutions/chimp_resolution.html
ASP is an educational and scientific organization that focuses on the study of non-human primates. This organization's ethics page outlines the ASP standards for the ethical treatment of non-human primates in research.

Archaeological Institute of America (AIA)
http://www.archaeological.org/webinfo.php?page=10000
AIA is the oldest and largest archaeological organization in North America. It is dedicated to supporting archaeological research and protecting the world's cultural heritage.

• AIA Code of Ethics

http://www.archaeological.org/pdfs/AIA_Code_of_EthicsA5S.pdf
• AIA Code of Professional Standards

http://www.archaeological.org/pdfs/AIA_Code_of_Professional_StandardsA5S.pdf

European Association of Archaeologists (EAA): Codes
http://www.e-a-a.org/eaacodes.htm
EAA is a membership-based association of archaeologists and others interested in this area of study. Over 1100 members from more than 41 countries who are involved in prehistory, classical, medieval and later archaeology belong to EAA. This site provides links to the EAA Code of Practice and Code of Conduct. Italian and Spanish versions of these codes are also available.

• Code of Conduct

 

 
 
 

http://www.e-a-a.org/EAA_princ_of_conduct.pdf

• Code of Practice

 

 
 
 

http://www.e-a-a.org/EAA_codes_of_practice.pdf

National Association for the Practice of Anthropology (NAPA)-Ethical Guidelines for Practitioners
http://www.aaanet.org/napa/code.htm
The development of the NAPA Ethical Guidelines for Practitioners was a collaborative process between NAPA and the Southern California Applied Anthropology Network (SCAAN). This document was developed as a "guide to the professional and ethical responsibilities that practicing anthropologists should uphold."

Register of Professional Archaeologists (RPA): Codes of Conduct
http://www.rpanet.org/conduct.htm
This association consists of members who have agreed to abide by certain rules and standards of professional conduct. RPA even has a grievance procedure, which allows for the investigation of complaints against member professional conduct.

Society for American Archaeology (SAA): Principles of Archaeological Ethics
http://www.saa.org/AboutSAA/ethics/prethic.html
SAA is an international organization that is dedicated to the "research, interpretation and protection of the archaeological heritage of the Americas." This group recognizes that archaeologists face many dilemmas while in the field and have set up these ethical guidelines to assist members in dealing with those challenges.

Society for Applied Anthropology (SfAA)
http://www.sfaa.net/sfaaethic.html
The "Ethical & Professional Responsibilities" section of the SfAA site is intended to be a guide to professional behavior for its members.
The Society for Historical Archaeology (SHA)
http://www.sha.org/sha_back.htm
No separate ethics page is available on the SHA page, but the organization's ethical positions are outlined in the bylaws section of this site.

Statement of Ethics for the American Folklore Society (AFS)
http://www.afsnet.org/ethics.cfm
The AFS Board of Directors has approved this ethics statement, but the group still considers it to be a document that will change and evolve over time. This statement is to be used to help clarify the responsibilities of professional folklorists.

World Archaeological Congress (WAC)
http://www.wac.uct.ac.za/archive/content/ethics.html
WAC is an international forum for people interested in the research of the past. The code of ethics for this organization has two different sections: 1) principles to abide by; and 2) rules to adhere to.

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American Sociological Association (ASA)
http://www.asanet.org/members/ecoderev.html
The ASA code outlines the professional responsibilities and conduct of sociologist. ASA has a "Policies and Procedures" page at http://www.asanet.org/members/enforce.html that describes its Committee on Professional Ethics (COPE).

American Statistical Association (ASA)
http://www.tcnj.edu/~asaethic
This site, provided by the American Statistical Association Committee on Professional Ethics, is intended to facilitate and encourage dialog about statistical ethics.

The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research
http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/mpa/belmont.php3
The Belmont Report is a summary of the ethics principles outlined at the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Specific recommendations are not given in this particular Commission report.

Canadian Archaeological Association (CAA)
http://www.canadianarchaeology.com/home.lasso
Members of the Canadian Archaeological Association include professionals, students and members of the general public who have an interest in the archaeological heritage of Canada. The "Principles of Ethical Conduct" page, as well as other sections of the site, is accessible in English or French.

• Principles of Ethical Conduct

http://www.canadianarchaeology.com/conduct.lasso
• Statement of Principles for Ethical Conduct Pertaining to Aboriginal Peoples

 

 
 
 

http://www.canadianarchaeology.com/ethical.lasso

Middle East Studies Association (MESA)
http://fp.arizona.edu/mesassoc/ethics.htm
MESA's ethics committee has outlined a statement that addresses issues that arise in the areas of teaching, research and publishing in the Middle East. A policy on plagiarism is also included in the statement.

Professions of Duplexity: A Prehistory of Ethical Codes in Anthropology
http://www.pscw.uva.nl/gm/articles/pp1999.htm
Peter Pels, University of Amsterdam, discusses the renewed interest in the U. S. and countries around the world in developing codes of ethics for the field of anthropology. Pels discusses why this shift has occurred and how it relates to the scientific truth.
Sociological Research Online
http://www.socresonline.org.uk/info/ethguide.html
The process to develop this statement of ethical practice by the British Sociological Association was helped in part by the codes produced by the American Sociological Association, the Association of Social Anthropologist of the Commonwealth and the Social Research Association.

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Case Studies
http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/9893/cslinks.html
Karen Supak designed this site to be used as a scholarly resource for those interested in biological anthropology or related fields. Her "Case Studies" section has 5 different anthropology-related case studies to investigate.

Cases on Research Ethics
http://rcr.ucsd.edu/tools/cases.htm
The case studies posted at this site are intended to facilitate discussions about scientific integrity. They are general scenarios and are not anthropology specific.

The Gladiator Sparrow: Ethical Issues in Behavioral Research on Captive Populations of Wild Animals
http://onlineethics.org/reseth/appe/vol4/gladiator.html
A graduate student in psychobiology is studying the development of aggressive behaviors in non-human animals. She decides to test environmental influences on the development of these aggressive behaviors in gladiator sparrows, and she encounters a few problems during the research process. Discussion questions and commentaries follow the scenario.
Commentaries on this case can be found at:

• http://onlineethics.org/reseth/appe/vol4/gladiator1.html
• http://onlineethics.org/reseth/appe/vol4/gladiator2.html

 

Handbook on Ethical Issues in Anthropology

• Chapter 3 Cases and Solutions

http://www.aaanet.org/committees/ethics/ch3.htm
• Chapter 4 Cases and Comments

http://www.aaanet.org/committees/ethics/ch4.htm

Society for American Archaeology Bulletin 16(4) From the Ethics Committee
http://www.saa.org/publications/saabulletin/16-4/SAA13.html
This site presents two of the four invented ethical issue scenarios presented at the Society for American Archaeology (SAA) forum in Seattle.

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Professional Association Statements on Issues:

American Anthropological Association (AAA): Statements
http://www.aaanet.org/stmts/ethstmnt.htm
The Council of the AAA has adopted a general statement on the responsibilities anthropologists must adhere to in order to ethically perform in this profession. A list of 15 specific statements approved by the Executive Board of the Association on issues such as race, evolution and the Cuban Trade Embargo can be found at http://www.aaanet.org/stmts/index.htm.

American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA)
http://www.physanth.org/

• Code of Ethics of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists

http://www.physanth.org/ethicshtm.htm
• Position Statement on Kennewick Man

http://physanth.org/positions/kennewick.html
AAPA continues to support the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act's (NAGPRA) "key goal of ensuring that culturally affiliated, federally recognized Native American groups are allowed to make decisions regarding the disposition of their ancestral remains." Related statements regarding the disposition of culturally unidentifiable human remains can be found at http://physanth.org/positions/cuhr.htm.
• Statement on Biological Aspects of Race

http://physanth.org/positions/race.html
AAPA offers 11 revision points to the 1964 UNESCO statement on race at their site. Background information about the 1964 UNESCO statement on race can be found at (http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001145/114581e.pdf#xml=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?database=gcex&set=3CBB1C30_3_20&hits_rec=1&hits_lng=eng).

The Clovis Debate:

"Clovis and Beyond" Conference
http://clovisandbeyond.org/conference.html
The "Clovis and Beyond" Conference held in Santa Fe, NM in 1999 was considered to be one of the "most important conferences in New World history in more than 50 years." For more information about this conference, go to the January 2000 issue of Mammoth Trumpet at http://www.peak.org/csfa/mt15-1.html.

The Clovis First/Pre-Clovis Problem
http://www.ele.net/art_folsom/preclvis.htm
This site discusses the Clovis controversy and is divided into two sections. The first provides background information on this topic, and the second discusses the author's proposed theory and its implications.

Find May Rewrite Americas' Prehistory
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/americas/feb/17/artifact.htm
"Find May Rewrite Americas' Prehistory" is a Washington Post article that discusses the discovery of artifacts in South America, thousands of miles away from the Clovis site.

Monte Verde: About.com
http://archaeology.about.com/library/excav/blmonteverde.htm
Links to information about the Monte Verde controversy and other resources dealing with Clovis can be found at this About.com site.

Monte Verde and the Antiquity of Humankind in the Americas
http://intarch.ac.uk/antiquity/adovasio.html
J. M. Adovasio and D. R. Pedler address issues surrounding the Monte Verde debate in this brief article.

Monte Verde Excavation: Or Clovis Police Beat a Retreat
http://www.unl.edu/rhames/monte_verde/MonteVerde.htm
"Monte Verde Excavation" discusses the verification process of this pre-Clovis site.

Monte Verde Fallout
http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/clovis/rose2.html
Two questions arise when debating the Monte Verde saga.

1. What does it say about how archaeologists prove or disprove particular claims for sites?
2. Where does it leave us in terms of when and how the Americas were colonized?

Monte Verde Under Fire
http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/clovis/
This article takes a look at the questions surrounding the Monte Verde site in southern Chile.

On Monte Verde: Fiedel's Confusions and Misrepresentations
http://www.uky.edu/Projects/MonteVerde/
Stuart Fiedel of John Milner Associates, a private archaeological contract firm in Alexandria, VA, published a non-refereed "special report" entitled "Artifact Provenience at Monte Verde: Confusion and Contradiction" in the October 1999 issue of Scientific American Discovering Archaeology (no longer available online). This site, "On Monte Verde: Fiedel's Confusions and Misrepresentations", was developed as a way to address and respond to Fiedel's allegations and "factual & interpretive mistakes."
 

I, Rigoberta Menchú:

Academia's Lust for Lies and Disregard for Truth
http://216.247.220.66/archives/academia/leo1-20-99.htm
A number of professors do not care that several sections of the book, I, Rigoberta Menchú, are untrue and continue to teach it in their classes. John Leo discusses this and other issues surrounding this controversial publication in this article from the January 19, 1999 issue of the Seattle Times. Leo also examines research by David Stoll, a Middlebury College anthropologist who interviewed 120 people in Menchú's Guatemalan hometown, and who published his findings in the book entitled Rigoberta Menchú and the Story of All Guatemalans.

I, Rigoberta Menchú
http://www.wmich.edu/dialogues/texts/irigobertamenchu.html
Lynnette Grate, Post Colonial Literature at Western Michigan University, created this page that outlines the Menchú story. Background information, dialogues, notes, historical background of Guatemala and additional research links are provided.

I, Rigoberta Menchú?
http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/hop/1.3liano.pdf
David Stoll, an anthropologist and author of Rigoberta Menchú and the Story of All Poor Guatemalans, argues that Rigoberta Menchú deliberately "distorted" facts in her 1983 memoir I, Rigoberta Menchú. Dante Liano examines Stoll's allegations and discusses the details surrounding this scandal in this article from the 1999 issue of Hopscotch.

I, Rigoberta Menchú Debate
http://chronicle.com/colloquy/99/menchu/re.htm
The Chronicle of Higher Education set up an online discussion forum to address the issue of whether or not Rigoberta Menchú's autobiography should continue to be taught in college courses.

Salon Right On! I, Rigoberta Menchú, Liar
http://www.salon.com/col/horo/1999/01/11horo.html
David Horowitz published this article in Salon about the Rigoberta Menchú controversy.

More information about the Rigoberta Menchú controversy can be found at:

• Anthropologist Challenges Veracity of Multicultural Icon

 

 
 
 

http://www.rlc.dcccd.edu/annex/COMM/english/mah8420/menchu4.htm
College professors continue to teach the book, I, Rigoberta Menchú, even though allegations have surfaced indicating that the book is full of untruths. This article, reproduced from the January 15, 1999 issue of The Chronicle of Higher Education, examines the allegations by David Stoll, an anthropology professor at Middlebury College, against the memoir by Nobel Prize winner, Rigoberta Menchú.

• Chronicle of Higher Education

http://chronicle.com/
Numerous articles dealing with the Rigoberta Menchú issue can be found by searching The Chronicle of Higher Education Web site.
• Rigoberta Menchú Meets the Press

http://www.salon.com/news/1999/02/12newsa2.html
Are some of the inconsistencies in the book I, Rigoberta Menchú due to a misunderstanding of Mayan oral tradition? Should the book be seen as a "testimony" rather than as an autobiography? James Poniewozik, a columnist for Salon takes a look at these and some other questions that were raised when Rigoberta Menchú held a press conference to discuss her book I, Rigoberta Menchú.

Untruth in Academe
http://www.theamericanenterprise.org/classic.htm
Kenneth Lee, a Harvard law student, discusses the Rigoberta Menchú controversy and examines what seems to be a growing trend of academic misconduct in this May/June 1999 issue of The American Enterprise Online.

Kennewick Man:

A Battle Over Bones
http://www.archaeology.org/9701/etc/specialreport.html
Andrew Slayman discusses the discovery of the Kennewick Man and the observations made from examinations of the skeleton in this January/February 1997 article from Archaeology. The controversy surrounding the Kennewick Man and Native American claims to the remains are also addressed. Links to related stories on this issue are also provided.

Additional articles and updates by Slayman and others published in Archaeology can be found at http://www.archaeology.org/online/news/kennewick.html.

Kennewick Man
http://www.cr.nps.gov/aad/kennewick
In July, 1996, Kennewick Man was found in the Kennewick, WA area, and the Army Corps of Engineers (COE) became the agency responsible for determining what would be done with the remains. Even though the COE followed the guidelines of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), this agency's actions were challenged in Federal court. The U. S. Department of the Interior (DOI) and the National Park Service agreed to help the COE. This site provides numerous links from reports and letters that outline the work being done by the DOI on this issue.

The Kennewick Man Case
http://www.nas.org/publications/sci_newslist/7_1/d_kennewick_artic.htm
Glynn Custred from California State University-Hayward believes that the Kennewick Man does not physically resemble any living Indian populations and indicates that the remains should not have been returned to tribal leaders. Custred states in this November 2002 issue of Science Insights that Indian activists have prevented further investigations into theories that the first Americans arrived by boat 40,000 years ago rather than through Siberia. This article discusses this issue and examines the political considerations affecting research on the Kennewick Man.

Kennewick Man--News and Information: Or How I Learned to Hate 60 Minutes
http://archaeology.about.com/blkennewick.htm
On October 31, 1998, the CBS program 60 Minutes aired a 12 minute piece on the Kennewick Man. Those who saw the program were not happy with the errors and misconceptions propagated about the Kennewick Man burial. K. Kris Hirst, a project archaeologist at Louis Berger Associates, Inc., compiled the resources found at this site to provide a better understanding about the Kennewick Man and about the controversy that surrounds this issue. Hirst provides a list of columns, bibliographies, Web resources and other materials pertaining to the Kennewick Man.

Kennewick Man News Update
http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/kmanupdate.html
This site provides information on the government's findings regarding Kennewick Man. Recent discoveries, data and additional resources on this topic are also presented.

Kennewick Man, Northern Clans, Northern Traces
http://www.mnh.si.edu/arctic/html/kennewick_man.html
When Kennewick Man was discovered in 1996, Dr. James Chatters, the owner of Applied Paleoscience, was called in to conduct skeletal forensics and recover much of the skeleton. In this article, Dr. Chatters addresses his observations at the Kennewick site.

News from the Confederated Umatilla Journal, Issues, News Releases
http://www.umatilla.nsn.us/activity.html
Links to press statements, position papers, and articles about the Kennewick Man are available at this site. Information about tribal gaming and salmon restoration are also provided.

Oregon Live: Kennewick Man
http://www.oregonlive.com/special/kman
Oregon Live is a site affiliated with the newspapers The Oregonian and The Hillsboro Argus. One section of this site is devoted to articles on the Kennewick Man.

Tri-City Herald's Kennewick Man Virtual Interpretive Center
http://www.kennewick-man.com
This site is an online archive of the articles the Tri-City Herald has written about the Kennewick Man since its discovery in 1996. Photos of the Kennewick Man site are also provided.

One of the most comprehensive collections of news stories about the Kennewick Man issue can be found at the Tri-City Herald's site at http://www.kennewick-man.com/news/index.html.

**For related information on Kennewick Man, see the Repatriation and NAGPRA section.**
 

Mead-Freeman:

Margaret Mead, Derek Freeman, and the Issue of Evolution
http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m2843/n6_v22/21275523/print.jhtml
Did Margaret Mead favor an evolutionary approach, or was Derek Freeman correct in his argument that she was antievolutionary? Paul Shankman, an associate professor of anthropology at the University of Colorado at Boulder, compares and contrasts the positions and arguments by both Mead and Freeman in this article from the November-December 1998 issue of The Skeptical Inquirer.

The Mead-Freeman Controversy in Review
http://courses.brown.edu/William_Beeman-AN0196_F01/sassigadd2.pdf
James E. Côté, a professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Western Ontario, examines the controversy that began in the 1980s with the publication of Derek Freeman's book Margaret Mead and Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth. In this 1983 book, Freeman argued that Mead's conclusions about Samoan adolescence and Samoan culture were wrong. This article was the lead entry in the October 2000 issue of the Journal of Youth and Adolescence.

Other articles addressing the Mead-Freeman saga have also been published in the October 2000 issue of the Journal of Youth and Adolescence and include the following:

• Culture, Biology, and Evolution: The Mead-Freeman Controversy Revisited

http://ipsapp009.lwwonline.com/content/getfile/4954/5/2/fulltext.pdf
• Excerpts from the Mead-Boas Correspondence

http://ipsapp009.lwwonline.com/content/getfile/4954/5/6/fulltext.pdf
• The Implausibility of Freeman's Hoaxing Theory: An Update

http://ipsapp009.lwwonline.com/content/getfile/4954/5/4/fulltext.pdf
• Margaret Mead and Paradigm Shifts Within Anthropology During the 1920s

http://ipsapp009.lwwonline.com/content/getfile/4954/5/3/fulltext.pdf
• The Mead/Freeman Controversy is Over: A Retrospect

http://ipsapp009.lwwonline.com/content/getfile/4954/5/5/fulltext.pdf

Plagiarism:

Leading Chinese Educator Accused of Plagiarism (free registration to the Nando Times is required to access)
http://www.nando.net/entertainment/story/221500p-2139687c.html
The Nando Times published this article in January 17, 2002 about Wang Mingming, a professor at Peking University who was accused of plagiarizing a 1987 edition of Cultural Anthropology.

Other articles on the Dr. Wang plagiarism controversy include the following:

Academic Circles Buzz Over Peking University Plagiarism Case
http://www.china.org.cn/English/2002/Feb/27368.htm
In February 2002, the Chinese news site, china.org.cn, posted an article about the issues surrounding Dr. Wang. Information about Dr. Wang being deprived of his academic posts can be found at http://www.china.org.cn/English/2002/Jan/25360.htm.
• Beijing University Professor Deprived of Academic Posts for Plagiarism

http://www.edu.cn/20020117/3017883.shtml
A brief article posted by the China Education and Research Network about the Wang plagiarism scandal.
• Plagiarism in China Fuels Debate on Intellectual Theft

http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0122/p16s02-legn.html
The Christian Science Monitor posted a story about the Dr. Wang plagiarism controversy that appeared in its January 22, 2002 edition.

To Catch a Thief
http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/worldwide/story/0,9959,639421,00.html
David Cohen discusses various plagiarism scandals, including the one involving Dr. Wang, in this January 25, 2002 article from the Guardian Unlimited. Additional links to sites addressing the issue of plagiarism are provided at the end of this article.

Repatriation and NAGPRA:

NAGPRA: Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act 1990
http://archnet.asu.edu/archnet/topical/crm/usdocs/nagpra14.htm
This site has outlined the Act by dividing it into 13 separate sections. Information on topics like illegal trafficking, inventory for human remains, penalties and changes in existing laws are included.

NAGPRA is Forever: Osteology and the Repatriation of Skeletons
http://anthro.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/full/25/1/81
This article examines the 1990 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) and explores the possibility of forming a partnership between Native Americans and osteologists.

NAGPRA Legal Mandates Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, 25 U.S.C. 3001 et seq
http://www.cast.uark.edu/other/nps/nagpra/nagpra.dat/lgm003.html
The full text of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) can be found at this site.

Native Americans and the Practice of Archaeology
http://anthro.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/full/25/1/63
In the past, Native Americans have criticized the way archaeology has been conducted, and the NAGPRA of 1990 was drafted in response to that criticism. This article addresses the way both archaeologists and Native Americans have responded, changed and sometimes worked together as a result of this Act.

Repatriation and Reburial Information
http://www.uiowa.edu/~anthro/reburial/repat.htm#Case%20Studies
Sources addressing issues related to the ethical treatment of the dead by archaeologists, physical anthropologist and museums can be found at this site. Case studies, ethics codes, state laws and more are also available.

Repatriation and Treatment of the Dead: World Archaeological Congress (WAC)
http://www.wac.uct.ac.za/archive/archive.asp?category=3
Links to codes of ethics as they relate to indigenous peoples, the Vermillion Accord on Human Rights, papers presented at WAC congresses & intecongresses plus other materials can be found at this World Archaeological Congress site.

Repatriation Issues
http://www.saa.org/Repatriation/index.html
The Society for American Archaeology (SAA) has pulled together a collection of recent announcements pertaining to the issue of repatriation. A link to the SAA Statement Concerning the Treatment of Human Remains is available at this site and can also be found at http://www.saa.org/Repatriation/repat_policy.html.

**For related information on Repatriation and NAGRPA, see the Kennewick Man section.**
 

Yanomami Controversy:

Academic Scandal in the Internet Age
http://chronicle.com/free/v47/i18/18a01401.htm
In the summer of 2000, Terence Turner and Leslie E. Sponsel, former leaders of the American Anthropological Association's (AAA) human-rights and ethics committees received proofs of Patrick Tierney's book, Darkness in El Dorado. Confident that this book would be highly controversial in the academic arena, the two sent out an e-mail "warning" to the AAA's top officers. Their e-mail notice sparked an online debate that was completely unexpected, and this January 12, 2001 article from The Chronicle of Higher Education describes how the Internet proved to be an ideal forum for this anthropological debate.

American Anthropologists Criticized for Keeping Yanomami Blood Samples (must be subscribed to The Chronicle of Higher Education to access)
http://chronicle.com/daily/2002/11/2002112502n.htm
Blood samples taken from the Yanomami people in 1968 are still being held in American labs, and many Yanomami want the samples returned to their communities. The fate of these samples and what this may mean for field ethics is discussed in this November 25, 2002 article from The Chronicle of Higher Education.

Darkness in El Dorado
http://www.tamu.edu/anthropology/Neel.html
This Texas A & M site has numerous links to articles and reports about the Yanomami controversy. It is often cited on other Web pages that discuss this issue.

Doug's Anthropological Niche Darkness in El Dorado Information
http://www.anth.uconn.edu/gradstudents/dhume/darkness_in_el_dorado/index.htm
Doug Hume, a University of Connecticut graduate student in anthropology, developed this site. Information about the Yanomami issue is posted as it becomes available.

Fierce People
http://www.crab.rutgers.edu/~christen/Aboutanthro/weekly/aa100200c.htm
"Fierce People" is a three part series discussing issues surrounding the Yanomami Indian tribe, Napoleon Chagon's case study, Yanomamo: The Fierce People, and the Patrick Tierney book Darkness in El Dorado: How Scientists and Journalists Devastated the Amazon. Related resources and other sites on the Web are also provided.

Napoleon Chagnon Responds to Darkness in El Dorado by Patrick Tierney
http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/chagnon.html
Napoleon Chagnon, an emeritus professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of California Santa Barbara, and his colleagues have developed this site as a vehicle to respond to the allegations of misconduct that appear in Patrick Tierney's book, Darkness in El Dorado.

Scandal in the Amazon
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/0204/q_n_a.html
Scott Wallace, a writer and TV producer, traveled into the Venezuela rainforests to explore the Yanomami controversy for his April 2002 article for Adventure entitled, "Napoleon in Exile." This Q & A interview with Wallace addresses some of the things found when he traveled to this area and met the people who are embroiled in this anthropological controversy.

Summary of the AAA's El Dorado Task Force Report
http://www.publicanthropology.org/ElDoradoTaskForce/Summary(Report&Comments).htm
The organization, Public Anthropology, began an Ethics Initiative in response to the Yanomami controversy with the hope that the AAA Code of Ethics would be revised.

• Those interested in learning more about how they can participate, can go to http://www.publicanthropology.org/ElDoradoTaskForce/IndexPage.htm.
• Information about student participation can be found at http://www.publicanthropology.org/ElDoradoTaskForce/Participate(Faculty&Students).htm.
• A list of schools that have committed themselves and their students to participating in the Ethics Initiative can be found at

http://www.publicanthropology.org/ElDoradoTaskForce/ParticipatingSchoolsList.htm.

Yanomamö - Book States Anthropologist Caused Epidemic
http://www.wadsworth.com/anthropology_d/resources/exchange/news/cultanthro/epidemic.html
Links to 15 different news articles that track the Yanomamö controversy are available at this site. Articles starting with the first pre-publication leaks of the book Darkness in El Dorado by Patrick Tierney through special sessions held at the American Anthropological Association meeting are included.

Other Ethical Issues in Anthropology:
The AAA and the CIA
http://www.cia-on-campus.org/social/price.html
The article "The AAA and CIA" appeared in the November 2000 issue of Anthropology News. It discusses the increasing evidence that American intelligence agencies, like the CIA, monitored and influenced American social sciences throughout the Cold War.

Anthropologists Apologize to Lumads
http://www.mindanews.com/others/arts-culture/anthro.html
Datu Al Saliling of the Arumanen-Manobo in North Cotabato made a comment regarding the attitudes of researchers and how some of them look down on the Lumads as "uneducated." In response to those comments, Professor Leonardo Estracio, President of UGAT, the Anthropology Association of the Philippines, made a formal admission of guilt and a public apology to the Lumads at the UGAT 24th National Conference in April 2002.

Anthropologists as Spies
http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20001120&s=price
"Anthropologists as Spies" discusses the allegations stated in a letter written by Frank Boas and published in The Nation in 1919. Boas' letter accuses 4 unnamed American anthropologists of conducting espionage in Central American during World War I.

Anthropology in the News
http://www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html
This very popular site has links to anthropology articles that appear in the news. General anthropological news items, as well as articles addressing controversial topics are provided.

Apes Nest Controversy
http://home.worldcom.ch/~negenter/00AA2ApesNestContro_01.html
"Apes Nest Controversy" is a reply to the rather "sensational" report, "Did the First Hominids Build Nests?" by Jordi Sabater Pi et al that appeared in a 1997 issue of Current Anthropology.

Archaeologist Faked Important Discovery
http://www.academicpress.com/inscight/11072000/graphb.htm
Shinichi Fujimura, deputy director of the private Tohoku Paleolithic Cultural Research Institute, admitted to planting primitive stone tools at a dig so he could get credit for discovering the oldest tools in Japan. This article posted on November 7, 2000 to the Academic Press Daily inScight details how this case of misconduct was uncovered and what it means to others involved in the dig.

Archaeologists and the Looting Trade
http://www.linguafranca.com/9805/dorfman.html
Issues surrounding a Maya collection at the museum of Fine Arts in Boston are discussed in this article that appeared in the May 1998 issue of Lingua Franca. The Boston Globe deemed it to be a "questionable collection."

**The online version of Lingua Franca has been suspended. This publication has been purchased by The Chronicle of Higher Education.**
Archaeology Magazine
http://www.archaeology.org/
This online publication is a great resource to search for articles dealing with ethics in the field of archaeology.

Cannibalism Controversy
http://www.tucsoncitizen.com/history_culture/cannibalism.html
Some members of the Hopi Indians in Arizona are convinced that their ancestors, the Anasazi, were not cannibals as some researchers believe. This article presents a new theory offered by some Hopi Indians.

Conflicting Concerns and Ideas About Northern Research
http://www.yukoncollege.yk.ca/~agraham/research1.htm
Amanda Graham and her colleague, Professor Jim McDonald, volunteered to revise the Association of Canadian University for Northern Studies' Ethical Principles for the Conduct of Research in the North. This page lists the ethical concerns and issues that surfaced during this revision process.

Crisis at the Smithsonian
http://www.archaeology.org/magazine.php?page=online/features/smithsonian/index
Jasmin Chua, a graduate student in NYU's science and environmental reporting program, discusses some of the controversies surrounding the Smithsonian's Secretary, Lawrence Small, in this article from the September 19, 2002 issue of Archaeology. Small has been accused of transgressions ranging from selling the Smithsonian name to the highest bidder to closing certain research facilities. Other investigations about some of Small's personal collections have also been under investigation. A timeline of events and character sketches of some of the key players involved in this issue are also included.

Crossing the Line (must be subscribed to The Chronicle of Higher Education to access)
http://chronicle.com/weekly/v49/i09/09a00801.htm
Is it acceptable for an anthropologist studying heroin use to use Federal grant funds to purchase and use the illegal drug in order to understand his subjects? This article that appeared in the October 25, 2002 issue of The Chronicle of Higher Education examines what happened when Ansley Hamid, a professor at John Jay College of Criminal Justice (NY) was accused of misusing funds and drugs.

Debates in Anthropology
http://www.ssc.uwo.ca/anthropology/jorgensen/debates_01s.htm
Links to a wide variety of issues being discussed in the field of anthropology, like the Kennewick Man and the Darkness in El Dorado, can be found at this site.

Ethics in Archaeology: An American Perspective
http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/archaeology/berytus-back/berytus39/ethics/index.html
This article by Martha Sharp Joukowsky and published in a 1991 issue of Berytus, examines the challenges facing American archaeologists.

Ethics in Archaeology, Can You Dig It?
http://www.antiquitynews.com/news/archives/000191.html
Ethical concerns are gaining importance in the field of archaeology. This article from the March 28, 2002 issue of Egypt Antiquity News discusses ethical concerns such as how to treat remains, who owns the artifacts and how the site should be preserved.

Going Head-to-Head Over Boas's Data
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/298/5595/942b
Frank Boas, the father of American anthropology, studied cranial measurements of European immigrants and their offspring in the early 1900s to determine trends in cranial shapes. Researchers, like Clarence C. Gravalee from the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor) believe Boas got it right, while others, like Corey Sparks, Penn State University (University Park) disagree. This article from the November 1, 2002 issue of Science Magazine discusses the ongoing debate about the roles of genetics, environment and race.

• Heredity, Environment, and Cranial Form: A Reanalysis of Boas's Immigrant Data

http://www.aaanet.org/aa/105-1_gravleeetal.pdf
Clarence C. Gravelee and his colleagues posted a paper online that supports their position months before its publication in American Anthropologist. The full text is available on the American Anthropological Association Web site.

Human Genome Diversity Project
http://www.stanford.edu/group/morrinst/hgdp.html
This international project consists of anthropologists, geneticists, doctors, linguists and others. It is still in the planning stages, but the goal is to document the "genetic variation of the human species." A FAQ section is provided at http://www.stanford.edu/group/morrinst/hgdp/faq.html.

Israel: Icon Under Fire (must be subscribed to The Chronicle of Higher Education to access)
http://chronicle.com/weekly/v49/i15/15a01601.htm
Nachman Ben-Yehuda, a sociologist and dean of the faculty of social sciences at Hebrew University of Jerusalem, has written a controversial new book entitled Sacrificing Truth: Archaeology and the Myth of Masada. In the 1960s, Israel's most celebrated archaeologist, the late Yigael Yadin, conducted the "most massive" archaeological excavation ever attempted in Israel. Ben-Yehuda's book accuses Yadin of misconduct in researching Masada, but not everyone agrees. This December 6, 2002 article from The Chronicle of Higher Education provides some historical background on Masada and discusses the controversy behind the research on the second most visited site in Israel.

Additional information about Masada can be found at the following sites:

• Masada

http://emuseum.mankato.msus.edu/archaeology/sites/middle_east/masada.html
• Masada: Desert Fortress Overlooking the Dead Sea

http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Archaeology/Masada1.html
• The Masada Myth

http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/masadamyth1.htm

Paluxy Dinosaur-Man Track Controversy
http://members.aol.com/paluxy2/paluxy.htm
Claims were made of "giant man tracks" occurring along side of dinosaur tracks in limestone river beds near Glen Rose, Texas. This site has a collection of articles about the history and controversy surrounding this claim, as well as evidence about other out-of-order fossil and artifact findings.

Saga of the Persian Princess
http://www.archaeology.org/0101/etc/persia.html
At one point in time, Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan's Taliban regime were all trying to claim a 2600 year old mummified Persian Princess. The problem discussed in this article from the January/February 2001 issue of Archaeology is that this princess has been shown to be a fraud.

Shaming of the Anthropologist: Ethical Dilemmas During and in the Aftermath of the Fieldwork Process
http://www.anthropologymatters.com/onlinejournal/RachelBurr.html
Rachel Burr, an instructor at the Open University who has a PhD in the anthropology of childhood, presents her Vietnam research experiences in this Anthropology Matters article. The children Burr studied were ones who were at risk of contracting the AIDS virus, and who tested positive for HIV after the fieldwork was completed. Burr examines ethical situations anthropologists face in the field and discusses how involved researchers should be in lives of the people the study and observe.

Spies Like Us: When Sociologists Deceive their Subjects
http://www.linguafranca.com/9711/9711.allen.html
This article that appeared in the November 1997 issue of Lingua Franca examines what happened when University of South Florida sociologist, Carolyn Ellis, became a traitor in the eyes of the Guinea families she researched.

**The online version of Lingua Franca has been suspended. This publication has been purchased by The Chronicle of Higher Education.**

Thomas N. Headland Controversies
http://www.sil.org/~headlandt/controv.htm
Links to various anthropological controversies, like the hunter-gatherer revisionist debate, can be found at this site.

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Alaska Anthropological Association, Alaska Anthropology Links
http://www.alaska.net/~oha/aaa/AAALINKS.HTM
The Alaska Anthropological Association has developed a site with links to sources about anthropology in Alaska.

Anthropology Ethics & Fieldwork
http://www.library.adelaide.edu.au/guide/soc/anthro/ethics.html
Adelaide University Library (Australia) has put together a collection of print and online resources on ethical issues for anthropologists and fieldwork & research techniques.

Anthropology, Genetic Diversity, and Ethics
http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/21st/projects/GeneticDiversity/friedlae.html
A workshop entitled "Anthropology, Genetic Diversity, and Ethics" was held in 1999 at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. This particular site is just one of the many talks given at that conference.

Binghamton Univ. Libraries Anthropology Ethics & Responsibility
http://library.lib.binghamton.edu/subjects/anthro/ethics.html
The Binghamton University Library (New York) has an "Ethics & Responsibility" site with numerous links to professional ethics, academic responsibility, social responsibility & public policy and related online publications.

Ethics and the Archaeologist
http://archaeology.about.com/cs/ethics/index.htm?terms=ethics
K. Kris Hirst, a project archaeologist at Louis Berger Associates, Inc., has selected a diverse collection of archaeology resources for her "Ethics and the Archaeologist" site. Materials on ethics, preservation, controversies and more are available.

Ethics in Anthropology: Public Presentation of Anthropological Material
http://www.d.umn.edu/~lbelote/Senior_Seminar/PublicAnth-ethics_in_anthropology.htm
A Senior Seminar class at the University of Minnesota-Duluth set out to "examine the ethical issues involved in the presentation of anthropological material to the public, and to consider the role of public activism by anthropologists." These students examined codes of ethics from various anthropology associations & organizations, reviewed the literature on this topic, and interviewed anthropologists. This document is a culmination of their findings.

European Archaeological Heritage Convention
http://www.tufts.edu/departments/fletcher/multi/www/bh997.html
This document outlines the principles agreed to by the member States of the Council of Europe and the other States of the European Cultural Convention.

Legal Background of Archeological Resources Protection
http://www.cr.nps.gov/aad/PUBS/TECHBR/tch11a.htm
Despite numerous laws passed by various agencies, looting continues to be a problem. This online document outlines the current civil and criminal actions that have been taken since the passage of the Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA), potential areas of application for ARPA, other archaeological resource protection rules and regulations and case patterns.

Training Students in Archaeological Ethics
http://dhr.dos.state.fl.us/saa/lynstep.html
In the past, most archaeology students worked in university departments and learned the skills that would be important to their future as a professor. Ethics was learned informally, often from their peers. Today, those in archaeology have other types of employment options, and are sometimes employed outside the university setting. This paper by Mark Lynott and Vincas P. Steponatis was prepared for the SAA workshop on "Enhancing Undergraduate and Graduate Education and Training in Public Archaeology and Cultural Resource Management" in February 1998. It addresses the ethical gray areas that exist in archaeology and argues for the development & implementation of formal ethics training programs.

Useful Anthropology Resources: Methods & Ethics
http://www4.gvsu.edu/anthropology/links.html#Methods
Russell Rhoads, a sociocultural anthropologist at Grand Valley State University (Michigan), has compiled a list of links in areas, such as Medical Anthropology, Archaeology, and Indigenous Peoples. A section on Methods/Ethics is also included.

WWW Virtual Library Anthropology General Ethics
http://vlib.anthrotech.com/General/Ethics
The WWW Virtual Library has an Anthropology section that includes links to ethics materials.

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Created by Sharon Stoerger
December 2002